The partition of India is not only in the history of the Indian subcontinent, but a signal event in world history. Preceding the partition, India was directly under Crown rule. British rule had been established in eastern India during the mid eighteenth century to gain control of the Indian government which would convey substantial economic advantages. Organizations were created during this period to enhance the various political, cultural, social, economic and religious interest Indians and Indian Muslims. These premier bodies of nationalist opinion of India and Pakistan were the Indian National Congress and The Muslim League. With the passing of the Indian Independence Act 1947, all states were released from their obligations to the Crown. This later led to the partition of India, on August 15, 1947, and the birth of a new Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Unfortunately, accompanying the partition of India, and the creation of Pakistan came the separation

civilisations...not immature Governments or weak, but fit to

The policies and interests of the British in India were determined by the industrialists, the most powerful section in British society. Their policy for India aimed at leading to an early realization of full self-government, “to lead the peoples of India to a condition in which they would be able to govern themselves and grow out of imperial tutelage.”3 It was proclaimed by the Secretary of State for India that paramountcy was to lapse after India had achieved independence and that the future relationship of the states with the rest of India was to be decided by the parties themselves through consultations and negotiations. The problem of India was essential one of imperialism and nationalism, not of race or color.

carry their great share of responsibility for the peace and progress

The second Indo-Pakistani conflict (1965) was also fought over Kashmir and started without a formal declaration of war. It began on August 5, 1965 and ended September 22, 1965. The war was initiated by Pakistan who since the defeated of India by China in 1962 had come to believe that Indian military would be unable or unwilling to defend against a quick military campaign in Kashmir. So on August 5, between 26,000 nd 33,000 Pakistani soldiers crossed the Line of Control dressed as Kashmiri locals headed for various areas within Kashmir. India forces were tipped off by the local populace and crossed the cease fir line on August 15. Most of the battles were contained within Kashmir involving both infantry and armor units. It was not until September when Pakistan attacked Ackhnur, that India attacked targets in Pakistan. Thus forcing Pakistani forces to disengage from Ackhnur to counter attack India. By September 22, both sides had agreed to a UN mandate cease-fire ending the war. Overall, the war was militarily inconclusive.

The day before the partition, the Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, addressed the Pakistan Constituent Assembly, it was a message of greetings and godspeed to the new Dominion of Pakistan from His Majesty the King. He continued :

After the Britain had freed India from its rule, it declared that it was up to the King of the state to decide whether the state should turn into a "Muslim" or a "Hindu" state. This state policy in both countries has deliberately separated the people of India and Pakistan, creating a perfect breeding ground for prejudice and hate. Problems did occur when the states had a population has a Hindu majority, but the King is Muslim. During the transition when Muslims in India went to Pakistan, and Hindu’s in Pakistan wen to India, there was many riots, looting, and rapes which left both countries in devastation. Due to the breakdown of civil government, it was impossible for an army the sole remaining instrument of order- to prevent murders, arson committed by ordinary people. So had there been available military forces concentrated sooner when Muslims migrated to Pakistan, Sikhs and Hindus to India to loss of lives might have been less.

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