In 1964, during the senate debate on the proposed civil rights act of that year, the bills floor manager, Hubert Humphrey, "assured the Senate that nothing in (Title VII of) the bill would permit any official or courtto require any employer or labor union to give prefferencial treatment to any minoryity group." (Lund, Reforming Affirmative Action in Employment) Whatever the intent of senator Humphrey may have been, "federal judges and buearucrats soon proved him wrong by using Title VII to create the elaborate system of quotas and preferences that we see all around us today. This transformation was accomplished through a series of Orwellian distortions of the law, none of which has ever been ratified by the Congress."(Lund) In the years since, affirmative action in its new form has extended its reach to include groups not historically considered disadvantaged, at

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