central Asia in the early decades of the 13th century to the death of Timur in

1405, the nomads of central Asia made a last, stunning return to center stage

in world history. Mongol invasions ended or interrupted many of the great

empires of the postclassical period, while also extending the world network

that had increasingly defined the period. Under Chinggis Khan - who united his

own Mongol tribesmen and numerous nomadic neighbors into the mightiest war

machine the world had seen to that time - central Asia, northern China, and

eastern Persia were brought under Mongol rule. Under Chinggis Khan's sons and

grandsons, the rest of China, Tibet, Persia, Iraq, much of Asia Minor, and all

of southern Russia were added to the vast Mongol imperium. Though the empire

was divided between Chinggis Khan's sons after his death in 1227, the four

khanates or kingdoms -which emerged in the struggles for succession -dominated

most of Asia for the next one and one-half centuries. The Mongol conquests and

the empires they produced represented the most formidable nomadic challenge to

the growing global dominance of the sedentary peoples of the

Some topics in this essay:
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