After four years of struggling to endure in Louisiana, Sarah and Louvenia moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi, to work in the cotton fields and as washerwomen. While in Vicksburg, Louvenia met and married a man by the name of Jesse Powell. When Powell became abusive toward Sarah, she escaped by marrying Moses McWilliams at the age of 14. On June 6, 1885, Sarah gave birth to her only daughter, Lelia, who later changed her name to A’Lelia Walker. Tragedy struck Sarah’s family yet again with the death of her husband, three years after their d

aughter’s birth. Some say that he was killed in a race riot, but his death was said to be due to unknown causes.

Although Madam Walker was warned by physicians that a reduction in her activities was needed due to her hypertension, she continued her busy schedule until she became ill in St. Louis at which point she moved back to New York. On May 25, 1919, Madam Walker died of chronic interstitial nephritis, a kidney disorder, and hypertension.

In 1910, Madam Walker transferred both Denver and Pittsburgh operations to a new headquarters in Indianapolis, IN. Here she build the nation’s largest inland manufacturing center which included a factory, the Walker College of Hair Culture, and a hair and manicure salon. Later, in 1913, Madam Walker traveled to Central America and the Caribbean to expand her business and in 1916 she set up another office in Harlem, NY and left the operations of the Indianapolis plant to Ransom and Alice Kelly, her factory forelady and former schoolteacher, and Lelia College to her daughter A’Lelia. As the business continued to grow, Madam Walker was able to organize her “hair culturists” into local and state clubs in which she rewarded her agents for their business success and political activism, as well as continued to preach her philosophy of “cleanliness and loveliness” “…as assets for self-respect and racial advance.”

Despite her impoverished beginnings, Madam C. J. Walker achieved notoriety in entrepreneurial, philanthropic, and social activist deeds. She made history by becoming the first woman millionaire, contributed monies toward the advancement of minorities, and was persistently on the forefront of issues affecting the African-American community. Additionally, her entrepreneurial achievements were recognized in 1999 by being inducted into the American Health and Beauty Aids Institute’s Hall of Fame. In her honor, the Madam Walker Theater Center in Indianapolis, originally named the Madam Walker Building, was completed in 1927 and is a national historic landmark and the United States Postal Service issued an official stamp on January 29, 1998 bearing her likeness.

Aided by her pr

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