Since the dawn of humanity, people have in one way or another formed organization in order to receive additional benefits by working as a collective whole rather than as individuals. If we look at pre-historic times, human beings used to live together as small groups in villages or families, which in a simple sense can be referred to as an organization. The men used to hunt, the women raised children and cooked, while the elders taught the young and passed on their wisdom for future benefits. This system allowed each member to benefit from what the other was doing and also benefit others from his or her actions. If we look at a modern day organization, we can still see the same basic principl

With the advent of the 19th century, humanity began to realize the importance of mechanization and mass production. Large scale advances were made during this period relating to the industrialization of national economies, which dealt primarily with the production of goods on a large scale by skilled and semi skilled workers in one place, known as factories. Although the concept of the factory was seen to be a huge success, one problem still remained unresolved; this was the proper formalization and administration of such large numbers of people. It was clear that these factories were forms of organizations in themselves where a small group of people managed and administered set rules and regulations over the actions of others (workers), but the problem was that the classical simple form of the organization was not able to successfully deal with such a large number of people and complex procedures. Thus, numerous studies were conducted, for example the Hawthorne Studies, Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, Adam Smiths numerous researches, etc, which were aimed at trying to design such a system which could handle the complex setup needed to run an efficient and effective organization. At this point, the organizational system began to evolve into a more structured, in-depth, and formal structure which could be used to control large numbers of people in a coherent way. This may be seen as the point where the modern day organizational setup came into being.

Based upon these organizational setups, Rome was able to create an efficient and effective state which conquered nearly the whole of Europe, Central Asia and North Africa.

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