The first major froces to form were in northern Virginia. Two armies, numberin

1865 was a year of no hope for the south. Her armies were straved and battered, the heartland was falling prey to both federal armies and deserters looking for booty. The economy was in shambles. Davis refused to see such things and carried on in a single minded way, but in Febuary turned over his war powers to the aging and overburdened Robert E. Lee.

There was more bad news for the south; a confedrate army was beaten in northern Arkansas and forced to retreat, the invason of New Mexico had failed and by June the Union had sunk most the Mississippi river fleet and taken Memphis. From the Gulf of Mexico the union navy and army went up the Mississippi taking New Orleans and Baton Rouge but failing to take Vicksburg, Miss. The union navy won numerous victories on the east coast, taking postions all along the Georiga, Florida, and the Carolina coast. From these postions northern soliders raided into the southern interior, threatened cities like Charleston and using small ports as bases from which to blockade major ports. By April Savannah, Norfolk and Jacksonville recieved almost no foriegn commerce.

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