Exchange Theory
The basic concept of exchange theory emphasizes cost and beneficial relationships between the interactions of people and their social environment. Exchange theory attempts to explain human behavior under the content of a balanced-equal ratio within the distribution of giving and receiving. “At the heart of exchange is the notion of profits. Profits can consist of benefits (or rewards) with less costs (or punishments). Rewards may be material (economic) or symbolic (such as attention, advice, or status). They are generally things defined as something that either has value or bring satisfaction and gratification to the individual.” (Canda, Chatterjee, & Robbins, 1998, p. 337). Some rewards can be granted based on either a person’s acquirements or attributes. For example, a college student can achieve good grades due to their ability to possess excellent study habits and writing skills (acquirements), or the student can possibly receive good grades based primarily on their qualities such as race, gender, or economical status (attributes.). People receiving merits depending on their attributes may have the tendency to exemplify an uneven or non-reciprocal exchange.
Contrast and Comparison Between Exchange Theory and Systems Theory While I thinking about the exchange theory in regards to relationships I am able to apply the concept to a relationship that I was involved in about a year ago. My idea of a well-balanced relationship involves a certain level reciprocity. I want my investments in a relationship to be more rewarding as opposed to punishing. Now, on the other end, my partner was not very reciprocal, especially when it came to gift-giving on special occasions and paying for meals, movies, concerts….etc. The gift-giving issue for example, for Christmas, my partner received a gift from me that cost me over a hundred dollars and guess what was given to me in return……well absolutely nothing. On my birthday I did not receive a phone call from him, nor a birthday gift, although for his birthday I bought him balloons, a birthday cake and treated him out to dinner. That is definitely an example of uneven exchange in relationships. The pay-offs in that relationship did measure against the costs. This resulted to my serious anger with that relationship which had the ultimate impact on the decision to end the relationship. Had I felt that there was an even transaction between that both of us the relationship would probably still exist. Canda, Chatterjee, and Robbins (1998) suggests that the theory of exchange may be used for empowerment at a micro or interpersonal level due to their focus on power imbalances, but it is unlikely that this theory will have a broad application to macro-level practice and social exchange due to their inherently conservative nature (p., 133). In other words, the concept of exchange is seldom applied to social work practice, based on the theory’s biases. The systems theory provides four different perspectives of the cause and effect relationships of human interactions, which involve the following: (1.) structural functionalism, (2.) ecological perspective, (3.) dynamic systems theory, and (4.) deep ecology. Exchange theory may have a way of breaking down each of those four perspectives to illustrate the rewards and punishments of social transactions. For example, from a structural functionalist point of view, poor people appear to serve a purpose in America. With that in mind, underlies the idea that people living in poverty are more likely to have “degrading and low paying jobs
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Approximate Word count = 1609
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page double spaced)
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