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How to Classify a Mineral


            A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. In order for a substance to be called a mineral, it must have all of these five characteristics, and must be completely inorganic meaning not formed from living things or their remains (Marshak 123). A mineral may be made of a single pure substance, or element, such as gold, copper or sulfur, but most are made of two or more elements chemically combined to form a compound (Marshak 122). Minerals can be found everywhere, because all rocks have some form of mineral contained in them. It is very useful to know how to identify minerals when looking at different rock types because they are the basic building blocks of many of the everyday materials we use. Minerals have certain physical properties that can be used for identification, such as color, luster, streak, hardness and breakage, crystal shape, and other special properties.
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             The color and luster of a mineral are the most easily seen physical properties but they may be deceiving. Color can be used to identify only those few minerals that always have their own characteristic color, but most minerals vary greatly in their color. For example Quartz can range in color from clear, white, purple (amethyst), and grey. According to Stephen Marshak, Professor of Geology and Director of School of Earth, Society, and Environment at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champain, "Color variations in a mineral reflect the presence of tiny amounts of impurities. For example, a trace of iron may produce a reddish or purple tint, and manganese may produce a pinkish tint". The luster of a mineral describes the way a mineral reflects light from its surface. Certain minerals have a metallic luster, such as Graphite, Galena, and Magnetite. Those that do not reflect light have a nonmetallic luster, and are described by terms like earthy, glassy, pearly, dull and waxy (Ludman 53).


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