Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign tumor-like hepatic lesion composed by hepatocytes, bile ducts, blood vessels and Kupffer's cells. Frequently presents a fibrous central scar forming fibrous septum, dividing the lesion into small nodules composed by proliferated hepatocytes that lack normal hepatic architecture. It's been suggested that FNH results from a congenital vascular malformation that induce a focal hepatocellular hyperplasia. All these alterations lead to a slow biliary excretion. Since FNH is not associated with any malignancy and has only a minimal tendency for necrosis and hemorrhage, confirmed FNH is almost always managed conservatively; surgical resection is rarely indicated. The hepatic adenoma (HA) is an uncommon primary benign hepatocellular lesion composed by layers of normal hepatocytes that lack the normal acinar architecture of the surrounding hepatic parenchyma. Although hepatic adenoma is uncommon, its differentiation from FNH is clinically important because (a) it may undergo malignant degeneration into hepatocellular carcinoma and (b) it is much more likely to bleed than FHN, potentially resulting in life-threatening hemoperitoneum. .
Rapid increase in the size of HA stimulated by increased hormonal levels during pregnancy or by its strong association with exogenous therapy with estrogen or an anabolic steroid is well described in the literature and is associated with increased risk of rupture. For these reasons, a solitary HA is often resected. Frequently, the diagnosis of FNH or HA can be aided by the presence of characteristic lesion features such as a central scar in the case of FNH or a heterogeneous appearance due to intralesional hemorrhage in the case of HA. However, it may be difficult to recognize a HA because its features at dynamic MR imaging performed with extracellular gadolinium chelates overlap substantially with those of FNH (Table 1).
Of the 473 children studied, only 17% were found to have associated bowel problems with the following breakdown: constipation (42 children), constipation and diarrhea (7), diarrhea (19), food allergy (7), non-specific colitis with ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia (2), and other (4). ...
Before the 1980's, 20-40% of patients with a pituitary adenoma who under went bilateral adrenalectomy, developed Nelson syndrome within 1-4 years (UCLA, 25 Jul 2003). ... The congenital cause includes hypoplasia or adrenal hyperplasia (Chrousos, 25 Jul 2003). ...
Amenorrhea (no monthly period), anovulation (no ovulation), endometrial hyperplasia (excessive uterine lining due to infrequent menses), bleeding in-between or heavy periods, skin tags, cancer, hirsutism, infertility, acne, breast milk secretion, male-pattern hair loss and fat deposition, and weight gain are the majority of them. ... A third factor contributing to hyperinsulinemia is decreased hepatic extraction and clearance of insulin. ... Metformin primarily works by suppressing hepatic glucose production, increasing glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. ...
Bone loss conditions, prevention and treatment This essay will address several types of bone loss diseases and the pros and cons of treatment or prevention techniques. I will first explore what the characteristics of healthy bone are and what the loss of bone mass and density can mean to a person's health and well being. My sources will be from the internet, magazines, medical journals, several books, and the1998 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. I have a personal interest in this subject because my paternal Grandmother and Grandfather suffered before they died with some of the debili...
Adrenogential syndrome, as known as Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, is an adrenal disorder, which caused by hypersecretion of androgens. ... Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia lack the enzyme called 21-hydroxylase, responsible for the production of two hormones mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. ...
Huether and McCance (2012) explained that "many genes have been identified that are associated with type 2 diabetes, including those that code for beta-cell mass, beta-cell function (ability to sense blood glucose levels, insulin synthesis, and insulin secretion), proinsulin and insulin molecular structures, insulin receptors, hepatic synthesis of glucose, glucagon synthesis, and cellular responsiveness to insulin stimulation. ... A secondary cause of increasing plasma glucose levels is excessive hepatic glucose production. Insulin is needed for glucose uptake by the muscles and peripheral t...
Jainism is one of the oldest known religions in the world today. It is very closely related to Hinduism and is the minority religion of India. One difference from Hinduism would be the way that the Vedas are seen. Jainism is a non-vedic religion. Though, the views on karma and sansara are the same i...
