Harvard University psychologist Howard Gardner goes even further, arguing that people have "multiple intelligences" that include: Linguistic intelligence: the ability to understand and use language. Musical intelligence. Logical/mathematical intelligence: the ability to see relationships between objects. Spatial intelligence: the ability to visualize and manipulate objects in the mind's eye. Bodily/kinesthetic intelligence: the ability to combine perceptual and motor skills to accomplish something, like hitting a baseball, and Intrapersonal intelligence: the ability to understand one's own emotions.

What is intelligence and can it be measured? These questions have fueled a continuing debate about whether intelligence is inherited, acquired, environmental, or a combination of these and other factors. In

A basic finding of cognitive psychology is that people have no conscious experience of most of what happens in the human mind. Many functions associated with perception, memory, and information processing are conducted prior to and independently of any conscious direction. What appears spontaneously in consciousness is the result of thinking, not the process of thinking.

? Test scores also correlate to some extent with measures of accomplishment outside of school, for example adult occupational status. This correlation is linked with school achievement because, in the United States today, high test scores and grades are prerequisites for entry into many careers and professions. However, a significant correlation between test scores and occupational status remains even when education and family background have been statistically controlled.

? Environmental factors contribute substantially to the development of intelligence, but it is not clearly understood what those factors are or how they work. Attendance at school is certainly important, for example, but it is not known what aspects of schooling are critical.

Of the diverse problems that impede accurate intelligence analysis, those inherent in human mental processes are surely among the most important and most difficult to deal with. Intelligence analysis is fundamentally a mental process, but understanding this process is hindered by the lack of conscious awareness of the workings of our own minds.

IQ is strongly related, probably more so than any other single measurable human trait, to many important educational, occupational, economic, and social outcomes. Its relation to the welfare and performance of individuals is very strong in some arenas in life (education, military training), moderate but robust in others (social competence), and modest but consistent in others (law-abidingness). Whatever IQ tests measure, it is of great practical and social importance.

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