These effects have been called, in various wars, “shell shock,” “combat neuroses,” or “post-traumatic stress disorder” (PTSD) all controversial diagnosis‘. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which physical harm occurred or was threatened (Wilner 40). Many sympt

Other treatments suggested were therapy, group therapy, and exposure therapy, in which a patient gradually and repeatedly relives the frightening experience. This is known to help him or her work through the trauma and relive it to be able to move past the traumatic experience (NIMH, 3). Studies have also shown that medications help relieve symptoms of depression and anxiety and help promote sleep. Scientists are attempting to determine which treatments work best for different types of these trauma related events. “Some studies show that giving people an opportunity to talk about their experiences shortly after a catastrophic event may reduce some of the symptoms of PTSD” (Foy, 21).

oms of this disorder have been found in Vietnam Veterans. “The intensified destruction of twentieth-century wars may make combat trauma more pervasive than ever, especially since World War II” (Kulka 20). Physiological trauma is a disorder that many doctors have found to be very present in war veterans.

During World War I, British forces lost 80,000 soldiers, one-seventh of all disability discharges to shell shock (PTSD 3). “Shell shock” was a very common disorder for many soldiers, as the percent of this injury increased, military leader’s began to think that it was going to be used as a escape route. A British report after the war recommended that pensions be denied to victims of shell shock because “no such thing exists“ (Kessler 55). Instead, about 90 percent of cases were thought to be from total exhaustion, they were treated quickly, briefly, and nearest to the war front. The remaining 10 percent were considered true neuroses cases that were correctly diagnosed. In World War I the casualty rate of psychiatric casualties was on about one percent. Even up through World War II many of the countries involved still had a very strict criteria in letting physiological trauma be an acceptable excuse to leave war. But for the United States in World War II the percent of soldiers sent home was a lot more lenient and quadrupled their psychiatric casualty rate (Horowitz 33).

PTSD typically leads to emotional numbing (and hence to relationship problems), recurrent nightmares, substance abuse (traditionally, alcoholism), and, most frighteningly, delusional outbursts of violence. The most immediate psychological symptoms in combat veterans are conditioned reflexes from combat, notably the ten

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