Karl Schwarzschild
Karl Schwarzschild was a German astronomer whose contributions, both practical and theoretical, were of primary importance in the development of 20th century astronomy. Schwarzschild’s exceptional ability in science became evident at the age of sixteen, when his paper on the theory of celestial orbits was published. In 1901 he became professor and director of the observatory at the University of Gottingen, and eight years later he was appointed director of the Astrophysical Observatory at Potsdam. While at Gottingen, Schwarzschild introduced precise methods in photographic photometry. The results of his studies clearly demonstrated the relationship between the spectral type and the color of the star. He pioneered in the use of a coarse grating in the course of measurement of the separation of double stars; the technique has found widespread use in determining stellar magnitude and color. He also developed certain basic methods for analysis of solar spectra obtained during eclipses. “Schwarzschild enunciated the principle of radiative equilibrium and was the first to recognize clearly the role of radiative processes in the transport of heat in stellar atmospheres,” (World Book 10, 548). His hypothesis of stellar m
Schwarzschild gave the first exact solution of Einstein’s general gravitational equations, which led to a description of geometry of space in the neighborhood of a mass point. He also laid the foundation of the theory of black holes by using the general equations to demonstrate that bodies of sufficient mass would have an escape velocity exceeding the speed of light and would not be directly observable. The Karl Schwarzschild Observatory was founded in 1960 but its name was changed to the Thuringer Landessternwarte Karl Schwarzschild Tautenburg when the reunification of Germany occurred in 1992. The observatory is located about ten kilometers north east of Jena. The institute is open for collaborative observing or measuring programs of guest astronomers. otion is one of the most important results to come out of his fundamental work in modern statistical methods in astronomy. He also made theoretical studies of the pressure exerted on small, solid particles by radiation. At a meeting of the German Astronomical Society in Heidelberg in 1900 he discussed the possibility that space was non-Euclidean. From 1901 to 1909 he was a professor at Gottingen where he collaborated with Klein, Hilbert and Minkowski. Schwarzschild published on electrodynamics and geometrical optics during his time at Gottingen. In 1906 he studied the transport of energy through a star by radiation. From Gottingen he went to Potsdam but in 1914 he volunteered for military served. He served in Belgium, France and Russia. While in Russia he wrote two papers on Einstein’s relativity theory and one on Planck’s quantum theory.
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