∆ This chapter takes another viewpoint to look at both the Soviet communist system and Marxism more generally.

∆ We assess the development of the Stalinist model considering its resent demise.

∆ By outlining the Marxist critique of liberalism, we distinguish the usefulness of Marxism as a critical approach from the merits of the Soviet system of governance.

◈ Revisiting the Soviet Communist Theory of the Press

∆ The Soviet Communist Theory of the Press is the most difficult to explain. To understand it fully, we must be familiar with nineteenth- and twentieth-century world history, Marxist ideals, Russian and Soviet history, and the weakness and strengths of the capitalist system.

The Intellectual Climate in which Four Theories was written

∆ The choice to describe a ¡°Soviet¡± theory rather than a ¡°Marxist¡± theory tells us that highlighting the contrast between American and Soviet values was a key goal.

It also implies a desire to separate liberal, intellectual acceptance of some Marxist doctrines in the 1950s from an approval of press controls and subjugation of individual rights under the regime of Stalin.

♣ A third way is to show how the constitutional arrangements of liberal societies, such as the United States, reflect the interests of capital rather than citizens or the public.

♣ A second way is by pointing out the gaps and contradictions in liberal theory.

Printing had been used early on as ideological support for the rising class and its arguments for individual liberty from control by state and religious authorities.

∆ The press was also much influenced by Russian attitudes and cultural values, not just communist ideology. Due to xenophobia, most Russians concerned themselves too much with reports occurring in the Soviet Union.

Some topics in this essay:
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