Sigmund Freud is the founder of psychoanalysis, a system of interpretation and therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders. Freud was both a medical doctor and a philosopher. As a doctor, he was interested in how the human mind affected the body especially in the forms of mental health. As a philosopher, Freud was interested in looking at the relationship between mental operation and basic structures of society.

He believed that human problems can be determined through the methods of science. He rely most of his knowledge of biology science to his physiological research and human being phenomena are determined by the laws of physics, chemistry, and biology.

Freud’s theory contains two fundamental principles which he calls the pleasure principle and the reality principle. The pleasure principle consist of instincts or drives such as sexual that all human (regardless of age) motivation are derive fr

om and tells us to do whatever feels good. Whereas the reality principle tells us to channel the energy somewhere else that subordinate pleasure to do what needs to be done which is to be productive such as work. He calls this psychological process, sublimation, where you take the desires that can’t be obtained or know morally it shouldn’t be obtained, and direct it to something use and productive. But the desire for pleasure doesn’t disappear, even when it’s sublimated to work. The desires that can’t be obtained or fulfilled are packed or repressed into a place where Freud calls it the unconscious. Because it contains repressed desires, things that our conscious mind isn’t supposed to want and to know about, the unconscious is inaccessible to the conscious state of mind. Freud believed surfacing the repressed desires from the unconscious by psychoanalysis therapy. Freud claims that it will “cure” the mental disorder or illness and explain all human experience it terms of instincts deprived dysfunction.

Stevenson’s evaluates whether or not the truth of Freud’s theories are empirically testable since the theories claim to be as a scientific hypotheses based on the observable evidence that is considered testable by observation for scientific status. Based on most of Freud’s theories, he concluded that they are unscientific because it is unclear whether or how they are testable therefore, casting serious doubts about the scientific status and its effectiveness of psychoanalysis treatment. Stevenson does however acknowledge that Freud’s theories are conceptually in depth in terms of a philosophical understanding towards human nature on the reasons and causes of human behavior.

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