A long-time member of the Montgomery, Ala. chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), her Dec., 1955, Ms. Parks’ refusal to give up a seat on a municipal bus to a white man provided the impetus for the Montgomery bus boycott. The successful protest, which lasted a year, marked the emergence of Martin Luther King, Jr., to national prominence as a civil-rights leader. In 1957 Parks moved to Detroit, where she remained active in the civil-rights movement. In 1999 she was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, Congress's highest honor.

American clergyman and civil-rights leader, his philosophy of nonviolent resistance led to his arrest on numerous occasions in the 1950s a

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