Ernest Rutherford and a couple of his students in 1911 performed an experiment where they shot positively charged alpha particles at a piece of foil and interesting enough the most of the alpha particles passed right through the foil and some bounced back.

This lead Rutherford to conclude his planetary model, although a good model but it does have a couple problems.

Ch28.2 If a gas is put into an empty tube at very low pressure and a voltage is applied between two metal electrodes that cause a current to flow through the gas a light will be emitted which is unique to the gas in the tube.

When the light is analyzed through a spectrometer a certain series of discrete lines of color are observed each corresponding to a different wave length. The

Ch28.8 An electron may be found at various distances from the nucleus, but the probability of finding it at a distance corresponding to the first Bohr orbit is a maximum.

Also an element can also absorb light at specific wavelengths known as the absorption spectrum.

In the production of X-rays is when a bombarding electron collides with an electron in an inner shell of a target atom with sufficient energy to remove the electron from the atom.

Any classical description of electron spin is incorrect because quantum mechanics tells us that, because the electron cannot be precisely located in space.

The values of l can range from 0 to n-1 integer steps

Some topics in this essay:
Ernest Rutherford, Ch2811 X-rays, , integer steps, values range, electrons atom, integer steps values, steps values range, called orbital, angular momentum, absorption spectrum, set quantum, alpha particles, steps values,