nuisance at best and often a disaster." - Dr. Geert Hofstede

Dr. Geert Hofstede conducted perhaps the most comprehensive study of how

Values in the workplace are influenced by culture. From 1967 to 1973, while

working at IBM as a psychologist, he collected and analyzed data from over

100,000 individuals from forty countries. From those results, and later

additions, Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary dimensions of

differentiate cultures. These include: Uncertainty Avoidance, Power Distance,

Masculinity-Femininity, Individualism-Collectivism, and Confucian Dynamism.

These dimensions were arrived in his 1980 publication, "Culture's consequences

International differences in work-related values." The study took existing survey data

(Sample size of 116,000) collected from a multinational corporation. The result was a

score in each of the dimensions for 40 different countries. After a further study of the

Asian culture, Hofstede added a fifth dimension in his theory, that of Long- and

Short-term time orientation (LTO) .As with any generalized study, the results may or

paramount within the society..therefore individual in this society tend to form a larger

Hofstede's results are categorized by country, often there is more than one cultural

are not modified and adapted to the local conditions, both in cultural terms and in

tolerance for a variety of opinion.

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