An element of fully informed consent is that patients have an opportunity to be an informed participant in their health care and decisions. It is generally accepted that complete informed consent includes a discussion of the following: nature of decision or procedure, reasonable alternatives to proposed interventions, relevant risks, benefits, and uncertainties related to each alternative, and acceptance of interventions by patient.

For a patients consent to be valid, the patient must be considered competent to make a decision at hand and consent must be voluntary.

Informed consent is a legal doctrine that was developed by the courts over a number of years. Leaning, J. (1964) described this doctrine as having derived from the Nuremberg Code, (1947).

Mielke, F., & Mitscherlich, A., (1996) expressed that a doctrine of informed consent requires physicians to obtain voluntary informed consent from a subject prior to co

Nastqueki, J., (1946) explained a basic principle of voluntary informed consent is to protect rights of an individual to have control of their own body.

Voluntary informed consent deals with human subjects for experimentation. Closely associated with informed consent. Voluntary consent is defined as a patient understands freedom from force, fraud, deceit, duress, overreaching, ulterior form of constraint, or coercion, knowing the right to refuse or withdraw, without prejudicing further health care, right to ask questions and negotiate aspects of treatment coerced perhaps by disease but not by other people.

Is there such a thing as “presumed” or “implied” consent? A patient’s consent should only be “presumed”, rather than obtained in emergency situations. For example, a patient’s presence in a hospital ward, ICU, or clinic does not represent implied consent to all treatments and procedures. Patient’s wishes and values may differ from that of the physician. Furthermore, the principle of respects for persons obligated you to do your best to include patients in health care decisions affecting their life and body, principle of beneficence may require you to act on patients behalf when their life is at stake.

In competent consent a patient must be competent and able to

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