After graduating from Yale with a history degree in 1968, Bush joined the Texas Air National Guard, where he served as a part time fighter pilot of F-102’s until 1973. After receiving an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1975, he returned to Texas, where he established his own oil and gas business. In 1977 he met and married his wife, Laura Welch, a librarian from Midland, Texas. Bush and his wife have twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara, born in 1981.

George came from a very prominent political family. His grandfather, Prescott Bush had been a senator from Connecticut and his father was a U.S. Congressman, political appointee, and President from 1988 until 1992. George had been immersed in politics since childhood. In 1977 he entered the political scene himself when he unsuccessfully ran for U.S. Congress from the We

The top item on Bush’s domestic agenda was a $1.345 trillion tax cut over 11 years. It was pushed through Congress in June 2001. IN his first year in office, Bush withdrew the country from a number of international treaties, including the Kyoto treaty on global warming, which Bush contended would hurt the economy, and the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty, the basis for the last three decades of nuclear stability with t Soviet Union. To replace the latter, President Bush championed an antimissile defense system, meant to intercept long-range missiles fired at the U.S. Opponents of the plan have argued that it is technologically impossible and astronomically expensive. Bush succeeded, however, in persuading Russia to agree to a landmark treaty that would cut U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles down by two thirds over the next ten years. Bush also alienated allies abroad by withdrawing from a conference to regulate the global small-arms trade, rejecting the biological weapons convention banning germ warfare, imposing high tariffs on steel imports, and withdrawing from a treaty to establish an international war –crimes court.

On December 13 Bush finally became the president-elect after the U.S. Supreme Court reversed a decision by the Florida Supreme Court to allow manual recounts of ballots in some Florida counties. With Florida in his column, Bush won the presidency with 271 electoral votes, just one more than he needed, although he lost the popular vote by half a million. It was the first time that the Supreme Court, and not the electorate, determined the outcome of the presidential election.

On September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks were carried out on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. These events irrevocably altered the direction of Bush’s presidency. His primary focus would be the war on international terrorism. On October 7 the U.S> and Britain began air strikes against Afghanistan, after the Taliban government repeatedly refused to surrender Osama bin Laden, the mastermind of the September 11 attacks, and other al-Qaeda leaders. The Taliban collapsed on December 9, but despite this outstanding military success, Bin Laden a free man. Bush gained enormous support from the international community to fight terrorism worldwide through intelligence sharing, freezing suspected terrorist financial assets, and apprehending al-

President Bush’s broad characterizations of the terrorist threat allowed him to expand the scope of his foreign policy from al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations to any regimes hostile to the United States, regardless of their connection to the September 11 attacks. Shortly after the war in Afghanistan was over Bush turned his attention to Iraq saying they were the next threat to America’s security. He labeled Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as an “axis of evil.” Throughout 2002 Bush announced the U.S. foreign strategy of containment and deterrence was an outdated cold war policy. In an age

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