As early as 270 BC an ancient engineer named Ctesibus made organs and water clocks with moveable figures. In medieval times, automatons, human-like figures run by hidden mechanisms, were used to impress peasant worshipers in church into believing in a higher power. The automatons, like the “Clock Jack”, created the illusion of self-motion (moving without assistance). The “Clock Jack” was a mechanical figure that could strike time on a bell with its axe. This technology was virtually unheard of in the 13th century.

By the 18th century, miniature automatons became more popular as toys for the very rich. They were made to look and move like humans or small animals. Automatons like “The Pretty Musician”, built around 1890, were able to turn their head from side to side while playing an instrument with their hands and keeping time

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