The growth in large-scale industry and labor unions in the second half of the nineteenth century can be explained in many ways. Unlike earlier in the century, now there were broad markets, fast expansion in good economic times, causing a rise in demand for more goods. Also, new inventions with development in big business caused large-scale industrialization to become possible. Finally, companies’ ability to employ mass numbers of people to work in their factories for cheap further encouraged industries’ growth. Labor unions formed, because companies hired people to do hard work for cheap. Generally, as industries grew and grew the working conditions for the workers got worse and worse, encouraging an increase and growth of labor unions.

America was a growing country. The expansion west needed industrial recourses. The railroad itself encouraged the industries of steel, coal, wood, glass and rubber. The expansion west was not the only thing th

There were many new inventions during this time period, which helped a great deal in making the large-scale manufacturing of industrial goods possible. The Bessemer process, for example, helped the manufacturing of steel in the steel industry, and made it possible to produce large quantities of steel in a relatively short period of time. The Bessemer process which was the first cheap industrial method of making steel from pig iron, was named after it’s inventor Henry Bessemer who was born January 19, 1813.

By 1876, other inventions were appearing which were destined to eclipse the world of telegraphy. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell developed the telephone. His invention arose from his experiments with sound, which he had originally started with the aim of helping the deaf to communicate. Having originally the first working telephone in 1876, Bell then created the company, which still bears his name, the Bell Telephone Company. By 1884, Bell had installed the first long distance telephone lines. He used copper wire instead of iron wire since he found copper could transmit signals over longer distances. Surprisingly, it was not until 1956 that the first successful trans-Atlantic telephone line was operational.

As you read, the second Industrial Revolution was based on the development of new found fuel energy sources, such as gas and electricity. These energy sources were used to generate the power needed to drive industry. Among the emerging new fuel sources, mineral oil was also put to use. In 1859, oilfields had been discovered in Pennsylvania, America. At first, the crude oil had been refined to produce kerosene. This was used in oil lamps as a form of lighting fuel. The oil lamp gave more light than a candle and, in its most refined state, remained in use in rural areas of Europe well into the twentieth century. It is still in use today in large parts of the Third World. The light bulb was invented in 1879. By Thomas Edison who was born in Milan, Ohio on February 11, 1847. Amazingly, during his childhood, he received only three months of schooling. Edison was employed in Boston, but he devoted all of his spare time to doing research. He invented many other things, including a vote r

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