Big Foot (? 1825-1890) was also known as Spotted Elk. Born in the northern Great Plains, he eventually became a Minneconjou Teton Sioux chief. He was part of a tribal delegation that traveled to Washington, D.C., and worked to establish schools throughout the Sioux Territory. He was one of those massacred at Wounded Knee in December 1890 (Bowman, 1995, 63)

Black kettle (? 1803-1890) was born near the Black Hills in present-day South Dakota. He was recognized as a southern Cheyenne peace chief for his efforts to bring peace to the region. However, his attempts at accommodation were not successful and his band was massacred at Sand Creek i

Sitting Bull (? 1831-1890) was born on the Grand River in South Dakota. He was known among the Sioux as a warrior even during his youth. He was bitterly opposed to white encroachment, but made peace in 1868 when the U.S. government guaranteed him a large reservation free of white settlers. When gold was discovered in the Black Hills, he joined the Arapaho and Cheyenne to fight the invaders. (Bowman, 1995, 673) According to fellow tribesmen, the name Sitting Bull suggested an animal possessed of great endurance that planted immovable on its haunches to fight to the death. (Utley, 1993, 15)

Perhaps he is most remembered for leading the Sioux and Cheyenne in the battle of the Little Bighorn, where his warriors defeated Custer’s forces. Crazy horse is regarded as the greatest leader of the Sioux and a symbol of their heroic resistance. (Bowman, 1995, 160-161)

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