The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in some places. In the eighteenth century all of Western Europe began to industrialized rapidly, but in England the process was almost highly accelerated. England’s head start may be attributed to the emergence of a number of simultaneous factors.

The Industrial Revolution began in the Midlands area of England and spread throughout England and into continental Europe and the northern United States in the 19th century. The steam engine provided a landmark in the industrial development of Europe. The first modern steam engine was built by an engineer, Thomas Newcomen, in 1705 to improve the pumping equipment used to eliminate seepage in tin and copper mines. Newcomen�

The electrification of Europe proceeded apace in the twentieth century. Russia harnessed the Dneiper River and the Irish Free State built power plants on the River Shannon. Germany was supplied with electricity in the 1920,s and by 1936 Great Britain had built an “electric grid” completely covering the country. Electricity was a major factor in the phenomenally rapid industrialization of Russia in the 1930’s.

A penny post on letters was inaugurated in Britain in 1840 after it was discovered that handling, not the distance the distance sent, was the critical cost in delivering mail. All letters weighing a half-ounce or less could be carried for an English penny (two cents). By 1875 the Universal Postal Union had been established to facilitate the transmission of mail between foreign countries. In 1871 telegraph cables reached from London to Australia; massages could be flashed halfway around the globe in a matter of minutes, speeding commercial transactions.

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