in enlightenment and complete freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth (samsara).

Enlightenment can be described as a blissful mental state or nirvana (Nibbana). Buddha,

the religious figure who inspires Buddhists’, describes the enlightened one as, “One who

knows [his] former lives, And sees the heavens and the state of woe, And who has reached

the extinction of births, Who has perfected higher knowledge, Sage who has fulfilled the

final perfection” (Dhammapada, 26:423). Apart from form, this state of existence called,

‘the essential’, is bestowed upon those who can see the world for what it really is

(Dhammapada, 1:12). There are four successive stages of Nibbana, the highest of which

is (Parinirvana). Buddha describes those in this state as, ‘the Awakened Ones’

(Dhammapada, 14:195). Once Parinirvana has been achieved, the believer is called

worthy (Arahant), bestowed with buddhahood, and their personal cycle of samsara is

One who has begun the pursuit of enlightenment in the earthly world must

undertake three refuges otherwise known as the Three Jewels. One must take refuge in

objective. One must experience the deity, making the True Guru the focus of one’s

aware do not die; They who are unaware are as dead” (Dhammapada, 2:21). Buddhists

(Dhammapada, 2:32). The asceticism prescribed in the Dhammapada is not extreme in

His will. Realizing the Truth through detachment from the world and all of its evil is the

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