Today, educational researchers continue to study why underclass students are unable to navigate their way through the educational system. Although more is known about the factors related to lower and middle class students dropping out of school before reaching their educational aspirations, little has been accomplished to help these students succeed in school (Pianta & Walsh, 1998). Using 1996 data, Thomas Mortenson (1998) reported that 74 percent of students from the top quartile in family income completed the baccalaureate degree compared to only five percent of students from the b

The family factors related to resilient students are a supportive relationship with at least one parent (Benard, 1993, 1995; Miller & MacIntosh, 1999; Smith & Carlson, 1997), the educational background of the parents (McMillan & Reed, 1994), the frequency of school related discussions and parents’ high educational expectations of the student (Benard, 1993, 1995; Horn & Chen, 1999; Mothner, 1995). School factors are found in the resiliency and the school climate literature. Most resilient students are involved in at least one extracurricular activity (Christiansen & Christiansen, 1997; Cotton, 2001; Gonzalez & Padilla, 1997; Horn & Chen, 1999; McMillan & Reed, 1994; Miller 1999), report that at least one teacher took a personal interest in them (Howard & Dryden, 1999; Werner & Smith, 1992), and state that teacher competency is of high importance (McMillan & Reed, 1994; Miller, 1999).

A resilient child is “one who loves well, works well, plays well, and expects well” (Werner & Smith, 1992). A resilient student is one who rebounds from the adversities associated with being at-risk to succeed academically (Henderson, 1998; Miller & MacIntosh, 1999). The resiliency research emphasizes the importance of internal and external protective factors available to the student (Benard, 1993, 1995; Brooks, 1994; Christiansen & Christiansen, 1997; D’Imperio & Dub

Some topics in this essay:
Smith Carlson, Thomas Mortenson, Maslow’s Hierarchy, , Americans Educational, According Maslow, McMillan Reed, Miller MacIntosh, Rak Patterson, Horn Chen, mcmillan reed, benard 1993, mcmillan reed 1994, reed 1994, benard 1993 1995, carlson 1997, family income, 1993 1995, smith carlson, macintosh 1999, smith carlson 1997, miller macintosh, miller macintosh 1999, dryden 1999, pianta walsh 1998,