Aristotle was born during 384 BC (Hellenic era) in Stagirus, on the Chalcidic peninsula of Northern Greece. He was the son of Nicomachus, a medical doctor, and his mother was named Phaestis. His mother came from Chalcis, Euboea. His father was a doctor that traveled round the country tending to the sick. Though it has not been recorded it is highly likely that Aristotle assisted his father on his travels. Nicomachus intended for his son to be a doctor. Conditions in Chalcidice were less satisfactory than the neighboring state of Macedonia so the family moved there for Nicomachus’s work. Nicomachus was soon appointed as the personal physician to Amyntas III, King of Macedonia. The three of them lived in Pella, the capital of Macedonia for a few years. This is when Aristotle became friends with Phillip, King Amyntas’s son.

When Aristotle was about ten years old his father died. Since his mother also died at a young age, Aristotle was brought up by a guardian, Proxenus of Atarneus, who was his uncle. Proxenus ta

He also contributed to the new notion of causality. Each thing or event, he thought, has more that one “reason” that helps to explain what, why, and where it is. In each statement, Aristotle insists that something can be better understood when its causes can be stated in specific terms rather than in general terms.

Aristotle was retired in Chalcis and there he died a year later, during 322 BC, due to stomach problems.

Aristotle writings on the nature, scope, and properties of being, were given the title Metaphysics in the first published edition of his works (60 BC). To his son Nicomachus he dedicated his work on ethics, called the Nicomachean Ethics. This is an analysis of character and intelligence as they relate to happiness. He distinguished that there are two kinds of “virtues”, moral and intellectual. Other essential works include his Rhetoric, his Poetics, and his Politics. Aristotle’s rhetoric has had an enormous influence on the development of the art of rhetoric. It is defined as the ability to see what is possibly persuasive in every given case. Other men that used his ideas were Roman teachers, Cicero and Quintilian. He applied numerous concepts and arguments that are also used in his ethical, logical, and psychological writings.

Plato died in 347 BC and Speuippus assumed the leadership of the Academy. Aristotle opposed the views of Speusippus and he may have left the Academy following Plato’s death for academic reasons or because he was not named head of the Academy. Or he may have left for political reasons before Plato died because of his unpopularity due to his Macedonian past.

Perhaps because of the influence of his father’s medical profession, Aristotle’s philosophy laid its principal stress in biology. He regarded “the world as made up of individuals (substances) occurring in fixed natural kinds (species).” Aristotle believed that the species form a scale from simple (a worm) to complex (a human), but evolution is not pos

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