I think one of the biggest milestones in the history of computers is the transistor. American physicists John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley invented the transistor in 1947. The first transistor was created at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947. “This was perhaps the most important electronics event of the 20th century, as it later made possible the integrated circuit and microprocessor that are the basis of modern electronics.” (1946: Invention Of The Transistor.)
Before the transistor, the only option to its current regulation and switching functions was the vacuum tube, which could only be made smaller to a certain extent, and wasted a lot of ene
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