The struggle to find order in the world and to distinguish humans from other forms of life has been the primal exercise of philosophers throughout recorded history.

For nearly 2,600 years, the preeminent philosophy in Western Civilization employed to “create” order in the world has been “Dualism,” which is directly traceable to the 6th century B.C. Persian religious teacher Zoroaster (zôr'oh as tuhr), also often called Zarathustra (zar uh thue'struh). Zoroaster’s most fundamental premise was that the world is composed of two antagonistic and mutually exclusive forms of reality, principles, powers, or creators. Thus, according to Zoroaster, the world is ultimately composed or explicable in terms of pairs of fundamental phenomena or entities which are either positive or negative, such as spirit or matter, soul or body, good or evil, and light or darkness.

Many predominant modern philosophies in Western civilization are directly traceable to Zoroastrianism through (1) the Greek philosophers Plato, Aristotle, and Zeno, (2) the Roman Stoics, (3) the Manicheans and Saint Augustine of Hippo in the Third Century A.D., (4) the Albigensians of Southern France and Spain

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