Booker T. Washington’s key strategy can be summarized in one word, pragmatism—here and now. As a former slave, Washington’s strategies were premised upon the realities of the South. He urged Blacks to ed

Along with Washington, WEB DuBois, and Marcus Garvey, Samuel Proctor, although possibly not recognized like the latter, was one of these great leaders who set his life out to fight for the improvement of Black conditions in America given the failure of the Reconstruction. It is leaders like these that give hope to the future of not only America but also the world in the war against racism. As Proctor sums up, “…there is an answer, and it is derived from five separate efforts that need to be blended together: individual involvement, family rejuvenation, specialized teacher training for public schools, more committed church leadership, and, finally a national program to recapture failing and lost youth” (Proctor 202). All hope is not lost. Justice will prevail.

Samuel DeWitt Proctor became an influential leader in light of the contrasting views of Washington, DuBois, and Garvey through his faith based strategic approach towards the inequity of Black and white America. Proctor’s strategies and suggested solutions to this problem are mostly associated with DuBois and Washington. Firstly, Proctor was no more a fan to Garvey’s Panafricanism movement than the rest of Black America was. Proctor points out in The Substance of Things Hoped For, “[Garvey] emphasized the beauty and promise of blackness, but most blacks knew that blackness without intellect, blackness without money, blackness without character or discipline, was just blackness without content” (Proctor 25). Proctor was an American of African decent like the rest of Black America. Why should they abandon a struggle that had carried on for eight generations and move to a country no one past the first generation even knew? A few chapters later, Proctor states his intended goal, “I wanted to encourage white and black Christians to lift up and examine the issue of race in the light of their Christian commitments, and also in the light [of] America’s message of equality and freedom” (Proctor 64). Proctor suggests that Blacks and whites

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