The first competitive athletes believed to be charged taking drugs and other nonfood substances to improve performance were swimmers in Amsterdam in the 1860's. Doping, with anything from strychnine and caffeine to cocaine and heroin, spread to other sports over the next several decades (Schwarzenegger, 227).

The use of anabolic steroids by athletes is relatively new. Testosterone was first synthesized in the 1930's and was introduced into the sporting arena in the 1940's and 1950's. When the Russian weightlifting team thanks, in part, to synthetic testosterone walked off with a pile of medals at the 1952 Olympics, an American physician determined that U.S. competitors should have the same advantage (Rozin, 3).

By 1958 a U.S. pharmaceutical firm had developed anabolic steroids. Although the physician soon realized the drug had unwanted side effects, it was too late to halt its s

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