Yager noted the positive correlation could indicate that stress increases smoking, but it could indicate that smoking increases stress. Yager speaks about Wills who conducted a study, in this study, samples of junior high school students were surveyed on four occasions over a 2-year period, and multiple regression was used to predict changes in smoking and alcohol use from stress measures at baseline. In this study significant results of stress were found to increase with the use of cigarettes and alcohol over time.

Since smoking has been figured to cause stress, many have tried to figure out the relationship between the two. Kassel states, “The relationship between stress and smoking, and a corresponding link between smoking and anxiety reduction, are so well entrenched in the lore concerning cigarette smoking that they have assumed the status of truisms.” Smokers reliably report that they smoke more when they are stressed, angry, anxious, or sad, and they hold the expectation that smoking will alleviate these negative moods. Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 known chemical compounds (U.S.

nervous,” “Smoking calms me down.” These statements suggest that cigarettes are a mood modifier. Also noted, was that regular smokers report adverse mood swings when they have not smoked recently, with feelings of stress and irritability building up during periods of nicotine withdrawal. “Smoking doesn't make the smoker less irritable or vulnerable to annoyance, not smoking or insufficient nicotine makes him more vulnerable.” (Parrot, 1999) Parrot goes on to state that when smokers are asked about their moods over the day, they typically report a pattern of repetitive mood swings, with normal moods during smoke inhalation followed by periods of increasing stress between cigarettes. These mood swings tend to be the strongest in the most dependent smokers, who also report that mood control is the main reason for smoking. Parrot went on to perform a study with nicotine deprived and non-deprived smokers. When nicotine deprived and non-deprived smokers were allowed to smoke a single cig

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