Minimizing Risk of Geologic Hazards to Humans

Geology deals with various aspects of the Earth's composition and structure, geological processes that modify the Earth's surface and are responsible for mineral and rock formation and accumulation of raw-material deposits. A geologic hazard can be broadly defined as an actual or threatened landslide, land subsidence, earthquake, or any other natural or unnatural movement of land or earth. Geologic hazards are responsible for great loss of life and destruction of property. In the twentieth century more than a million people worldwide have been killed by earthquakes alone, and the value of the property destroyed by earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis amounts to scores of billions of dollars. Unfortunately, with the exception of landslides, most geologic events cannot be prevented or even predicted with any precision. Nevertheless, appro

There is no question that earthquake damage can be reduced. The questions, rather, is what techniques or mechanisms is appropriate in a given situation and how can it be applied. There are a range of mechanisms to reduce the impact of earthquakes. For instance, engineering approaches such as building codes, strengthening of existing structures, stabilizing unstable ground are crucial to earthquake hazard prevention. Typially, the structures that sustain the most structural damage are low-rise buildings (< 5 stories) located on shallow soils (< 50 feet) and high-rise buildings (>14 stories) located on deep soils (> 150 feet). For this reason, it is important to understand the geology of the area in order to ascertain the most unwavering structures in the event of an earthquake. Lastly, the establishment of warning systems are crucial in order to inform emergency response groups. The importance of this last prevent

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