A saving grace of Williams paper is that she states on the first page: “Although there are many possible reasons for the continuing preponderance of women in these fields (nurses, elementary teachers, librarians and social workers), the focus of this paper is discrimination.” (Pg. 295) She states that men are pressured to move out of traditionally female held positions to higher status, and usually higher paying, jobs simply because they are male. She also says that men are given this positions on a much more frequent basis not based on merit, but because they are male. The problem with this opinion of the author is that the

Lastly I have problems with Williams findings involving nepotism on the bottom on page 301. She says that a male nurse who only received marginal grades on performance was given a prestigious position in the emergency room by virtue of being friends with the physician in charge. Nepotism is a sex neutral mechanism as far I am concerned, and females have been advanced as well as males in lieu of any actual competence but sheerly on connections in many professions. The author seems to be stretching every interview to get as many examples as she can to back up her theory.

Overall, I do agree with William’s findings on the existence of a glass elevator in female dominated professions. I only disagree with some of William’s methods for backing up her theory. An author should not try to support a theory with as biased data as I have discussed here. William’s other opinions I have problems with she herself later discredits, such as women’s positions seen as a step down for men. She states merely 6 lines after this that most of her male subjects deny any perception of their jobs as thus. Williams states that “The stereotypes that differentiate masculinity and feminity, and degrade that which is defined as feminine, are deeply entrenched in culture, social structure, and personality.”(Pg. 309). I have nothing but support for this statement and the later one she makes involving lower pay in women’s jobs as a reason for males not flooding such professions as “not the only . . . impediment to men’s entry in these fields” (Pg. 309). There is definitely a mechanism at work for men in women’s professions aiding them. What I believe is Williams bes

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Invisible Mechanisms, Lastly Williams, Elizabeth Dole, pushed ahead, Hillary Clinton, glass elevator, Mannly Sociology, male contributed advancing, contributed advancing field”, contributed advancing, towards administration, graduate school, male contributed, entry level, ambitious male, advancing field”,