John Rawls
According to Immanuel Kant consequences do not matter, as opposed to utilitarianism in which consequences matter. The Kantian view focuses on the motivation for performing an act with total disregard for the consequences. In opposition to this view, utilitarianism makes ethical decisions about an act based the consequences that the action will bring. For a person who uses the Kantian theory, they believe that the only pure good is human reason without any regard to the consequences. This human reason as discussed by Kant should be without influence of emotions or desires. As opposed to the utilitarian view, that states that the motives of an action are not important, just the consequences. A purely good act, as defined by Kant?s theory would be performed because of obligation to the categorical imperative. However, according to utilitarianism a good ethical decision is measured by the amount of happiness that the act creates. This basic difference between Kant and John Stuart Mill?s utilitarianism can also be demonstrated in terms of deontological vs. teleological ethics. Teleological ethics, which focuses on the end results of an action, can be criticized because it fails
Morality is closely connected to desire/pleasure Morality is based on reason Criticisms of utilitarianism are that: it is too time consuming, and that rules of thumb such as: keeping promises and telling the truth can be revised. Other criticisms are that it can?t predict consequences. It is not a problem or theory, but a problem of life, since we cannot predict life. The criticism that I find most on target is the injustice problem, which questions if act utilitarianism permits unjust actions. For example, according to act utilitarianism would opt for the killing of one man to save the lives of ten other men. Essentially what act utilitarianism is saying, is that killing an innocent man is moral, if the act itself maximizes the best amount of pleasure/good. There is a clear moral issue that can be questioned here. According to Kantian ethics there is an importance of good will and good intentions. Kant thinks that there is a difference between actions in accordance with duty and actions for the sake of duty. Actions that are in accordance with duty carry self- interest and inclination, which Kant opposes. Kant is trying to cancel out these emotions (desires, and inclinations), because he believes that emotions cannot be trusted and can get us into trouble. For Kant reason is different, because it is solid and unchanging. According to Kant, his role of reason is to begin with pure reason, that tells us what is right and dutiful, and we should desire what are duty is. In opposition, Kant opponents begin with desires/inclinations, and what pleases us. Kant?s opponents claim that reason?s job is to help attain your desires in the most efficient way. Morality is an empirical matter (what we have learned by experience) Morality is not empirical, it is rational
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Approximate Word count = 1526
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page double spaced)
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