In 1775 England was worrying over religious affairs and messages from America to king George the III, while France was deep in violence and made the first appearances of the guillotine.

Define Personification. How are Fate and Death personified in the first chapter?

Personification: When a non-living subject is viewed as living or thinking. Fate and Death were personified in the first chapter by having their own plans. Dickens tells the reader that Fate and Death are plotting the violence and blood-shed which is too follow.

What, in general was the purpose of the opening chapter?

The purpose of the opening chapter was to establish the setting in England and France in 1775 so that the reader has a better understanding of what is going on.

How has Dickens created an atmosphere of mystery and danger in the novel?

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