During the Middle Ages in Europe, midwives were responsible for both normal and caesarian births (BBC education 1). Male doctors did not play a major role in childbirth in thi

Vesalius was a pioneer in the writing of textbooks, and as time progressed more advanced techniques arose in the writing of a textbook. As many more textbooks were written, universal names arose to identify the body parts. Many of the already named muscles and bones were altered by anatomists during the Renaissance. The more complex organ systems, such as the heart and liver, were named by renowned anatomists and scientists. For example, there is a gland located near the lungs called the gland of Vesalius, named after Andreas Vesalius. During the Middle ages, many of the illustrations were presented on a wood carving instead of paper. The illustrations used during the Renaissance were mainly provided by Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael. By this time period, drawings and paintings on paper or canvas were preferred by artists.

As dissection progressed and more knowledge was obtained, schools and universities arose. One of the major universities, the center of all modern dissection, was undoubtedly the University of Bologna. Established in 1156, the university was mainly focused on law, and it was a by-product of legal necessity that organized anatomical dissection came into being (Knight 168). It was not until 1306 that a well-established medical school came about. The first autopsies were carried out for legal purposes. From around 1308 onwards, dissection for anatomical purposes took place frequently. As the university grew, more and more bodies were needed for dissection. A body was so rare that when it was available, surgeons worked continuously for four days and even nights. The teachers at Bologna even suggested and encouraged students to take part in grave robbing. In Bologna there is a record of the prosecution in 1319 of four med

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