Bertrand Russell, British philosopher, logician, mathematician, and political campaigner, was probably the most famous British philosopher of the century. His many honors the Nobel Prize for Literature (1949).

The second son of Viscount Amberley, Russell was born in Monmouthshire, England and orphaned at the age of three. He was brought up by his grandmother, the widow of the former prime minister, Lord John Russell and educated privately until he went to Cambridge. Here he was a pupil of A. N. Whitehead, and won a prize fellowship at Trinity with a thesis on the foundations of geometry. He continued to work on the foundations of mathematics and in 1903 published his first major work, The Principles of Mathematics. In the course of this work Russell encountered a number of problems, all dealing in some ways with very large classes, which he found impossible to resolve. Clearly a deeper study of the foundations of mathematics was called for and eventually led Russell to his central insight that “mathematics and logic are identical”. To demonstrate the truth of such a statement Russell joined with his former tutor, Whitehead, in an in depth study of

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