Cowart, Virgina. The Steroids Game. Chicago: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1998. Gorman, Christine. “Muscle Madness.” Time. 7 September 1998: 21-22. Ringhofer, Kevin R. Coaches Guide to Drugs and Sports. Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1996. Yesalis, Charles E. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1996.

ate in the cortex of the adrenal glands and have a shrinking effect. The latter is used to treat tissue stress, reduce inflammation, and to ease pain (Ringhofer 174). Users take steroids in cycles lasting six to twelve weeks or more. Stacking, or the use of more than one type of steroid, helps to maximize strength gains, minimize side effects, and avoid detection. To build size, strength, and speed, athletes often use 10 to 100 times the medical dosage (Yesalis xxv). Anabolic-androgens can be taken either by mouth, by injection, or, more recently, by skin creams or patches (Cowart 25). The two main reasons that athletes use steroids are to improve athletic performance and to improve their appearance. In 1985, Anderson and McKeag did the first study of college athletes correlated with steroid use. They interviewed 2039 male and female athletes and discovered much new information. Nine percent of football players used anabolic-androgen steroids. Other male sports included track and field (4%), baseball (4%), tennis (4%), and basketball (3%). The only women’s sport associated with steroid use was swimming, in which 1% were users. Five percent of Division I athletes were users in 1985, as well as 4% of D-II and 2% of D-III athletes. The same study was repeated in 1991, in which 2282 athletes were questioned. Overall, steroid use slightly increased, especially since three women’s sports became associated with steroid use. Swimming remained at 1%, but one percent of basketball players and track and field athletes also admitted to using the drugs. For men’s sports, t

Some topics in this essay:
Division II, Mark McGwire, Anderson McKeag, Kinetics Publishers, Gorman Christine, anabolic-androgenic steroids, Steroids Athletes, human kinetics publishers, Human Kinetics, track field, kinetics publishers, human kinetics, anabolic steroids, Champaign Human, champaign human kinetics, androgens increase, begin week, percent division, kinetics publishers 1996, athletes admitted, phase begin, associated steroid swimming, phase begin week,