After the passage of these amendments, two of the three branches of government disconnected th

The ‘separate but equal’ doctrine spread like wildfire across the South. When the Supreme Court reaffirmed its decision in the Cummings vs. County Board of Education (1899), public schools were officially allowed to segregate. The implications of the Plessy vs. Ferguson and Cummings vs. County Board of Education were substantial. The Southerners jumped at the opportunity to introduce ‘Jim Crow’ legislation. Although some saw stupidity in the situation and mocked it, “If there must be Jim Crow cars on the railroads, there should be Jim Crow cars on the street railways. Also on all passenger boats... If there are to be Jim Crow cars, moreover, there should be Jim Crow waiting saloons at all stations, and Jim Crow eating houses,” (Woodward, 67), the divided South soon became a reality. The Supreme Court had permitted the legal route for subordination of the Blacks to be opened; the new, now limited, amendments were no longer roadblocks, and the Southerners swarmed to their state governments to disenfranchise the Negroes and to ensure that a white, democratic control continued in the South. (Woodward, 71)

“The object of the amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished form political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either.”

emselves with the issue of black civil rights. Following Grant’s unenthusiastic approach to protecting blacks in the South, the executive branch gradually made its position on the issue clear in 1876. (Zinn, 199) When Hayes beat Tilden in the presidential election by promising to end the Reconstruction in the South, it was evident that the White House would no longer support any calls for the protection of blacks. The compromise of 1877 brought Hayes to office, but “doomed the black man to a second class citizenship that was to be his lot for nearly a century afterward,” (Davis, 160). The Radical Republican’s in Congress, who were responsible for freeing the blacks, were also responsible for letting their voices become silenced. This occurred as the other, more industrial, interes

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