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This journal by Andrew M. Swan is more dedicated to highlighting the influence of the American citizens during the Quasi War period. It provides examples on how Americans supported its government in a desperate time and allows a fair view of how the citizens helped to establish a national navy.

In the first article of this journal, French Spoliations and Their Effects, Swan describes incidents of Frances reaction to the alliance between America and England. The article explains how the French confiscated the American ships, seized their cargo, and refitted the ship as one of France. The American ships therefore became the property of France. The American imports dropped substantially during 1797, partly from the confiscations and from the shortage of attempted voyages. The American merchants need far greater protection than the national government could provide.

The following section, Founding the U.S. Navy, shows the reluctance of the government to establish a navy due to the

public debt that develops in a state of war. Congress attempted to nullify all cause for the creation of a national navy. The Republican Party showed relationships between their officials and the French. They strongly opposed the possibility of a military force that might combat with France. Though Congress debated the issue, the commercial communities fought to maintain the American war effort.

Swan’s Further Analysis shows his opinions towards outdated and biased reports from older sources. Swan believes “that there are at least two broader applications for localized study during this period.” The first, he says, is the understanding of local politics during the Quasi-War crisis explains the events of the near future and he continues into an explanation using the second most powerful family in Salem as an example for why the subscription ship program may have had a broader impact on the nature of early national politics. The second is that historians confess to be stumped as to why Adams did not declare war on France. Swan states that he draws the conclusion that the merchants’ fortunes improved toward the end of the debacle. Thus, their woes over loses had been weakened, making it unnecessary to declare war using this weakened basis. Swan journal stresses the importance of the citizen involvement of this crisis and shows how America’s early beginning evolves. The article does not cover how the navy developed just how it came into existence. There is no specific

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