domestic violence
The female is, as it were, a mutilated…a sort of natural deficiency. It is not appropriate in a female character to be manly or clever. The male is by nature superior and the female inferior." Introduction Domestic violence has been present in our society and an accepted practice of many cultures for hundreds of years. Up until the late 1800's, a man in this country had the right to chastise his wife until the practice was declared illegal in two states (Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence Manual, p. B-8). Old English Common Law allowed husbands to beat their wives provided that the stick they used was not thicker than his thumb; hence the phrase "Rule of Thumb"(Heart on a Chain [Video]). Although times have changed in this regard and laws have been enacted in order to protect women from abuse, the fact remains that acts of domestic violence occur every 15 seconds in the United States. Over the past two decades, extensive research has been done on the dynamics of domestic violence. Through this research, many of the aspects of domestic violence are better understood. Various researchers have theorized the causal mechanism behind domestic violence, have studied the characteristics of both the female victim and the ma
References Berg-Cross, L. (1997). Couples Therapy. California: Sage. Berman, P., S. (1993) . Impact of abusive marital relationships on children. M. Hansen & M. Harway (Eds .) , Battering and family therapy: A feminist perspective ( pp . 134-147) . California: Sage . Erez, E., & Belknap, J. (1998). In their own words: Battered women’s assessment of the criminal processing system’s responses. Violence and Victims, 8 (3), 251-267. Fantuzzo, J., Boruch, R., Beriama, A., Atkins, M., & Marcus, S. (1997). Domestic violence and children: Prevalence and risk in five major U.S. cities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, (1) , 116-122. Hanson, M. (1993) . Feminism and family therapy: A review of feminist critiques of approaches to family violence. In H . M. Hansen & M. Harway (Eds .) , Battering and family therapy: A feminist perspective ( pp . 69-82) . California: Sage . Haroway, M. (1993) . Battered women: Characteristics and causes. In H . M. Hansen & M. Harway (Eds .) , Battering and family therapy: A feminist perspective ( pp . 29-42) . California: Sage . Holden, G. W. (1998). Children exposed to marital violence: Theory, research, and applied issues. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Jaffe, P., G., Wolfe, D., A., & Wilson, S. K. (1990) . Children of battered women. (Vol . Ed . ) , Developmental Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry: Vol . 21 , California: Sage. Kashani, J., H., & Allan, W., D. (1998) . The impact of family violence on children and adolescents. (Vol . Ed . ) . Developmental Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry: Vol . 37 , California: Sage. Kolbo, J. R., Blakely, E., H., & Engleman, D. (1996). Children who witness domestic violence: A review of empirical literature. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, (2), 281-293. Markward, M. J. (1997). The impact of domestic violence on children. Families in Society, 71, (1) , 66-70. Painter, S. L. & Dutton, D. (1985). Patterns of emotional bonding in battered women: Traumatic bonding. International Journal of Women’s Studies, 8. 363-375. Peled, E. (1996) . Secondary victims no more: Refocusing intervention with children. J. L. Edleson & Z. C. Eisikovits (Eds .) , Future interventions with battered women and their families ( pp. 125-154 ) . California: Sage . Peled, E. & Davis, D. (1995) . Groupwork with children of battered women: A practitioner’s manual. California: Sage . Pence, E. & Paymar, M. (1997) . Education groups for men who batter: The Duluth model. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence (1998) Manual Rowe, D. C. (1994). The limits of family influence: Genes, experience and behavior. New York: The Guilford Press. Wolfe, D., A., Jaffe, P., Wilson, S., K., & Zak, L. (1994) . A multivariate investigation of children’s adjustment to family violence. G. Hotaling, D. Finkelhor, J. T. Kirkpatick, & M. A. Straus (Eds .) , Family abuse and its consequences: New directions in research ( pp. 228-244 ) . California: Sage . Wolfe, D., A. (1991) . Selecting participants and introducing them into the program. Preventing physical and emotional abuse of children: A treatment manuals for practitioners ( pp. 45-62) . New York: Guilford Press . Women Aware (1998). [Brochure]. le perpetrator, and have researched the effects on men, women, and the invisible victims of domestic violence: the children. Unfortunately, despite all that has been learned, domestic violence is still prevalent in today's society. The question is why? In an attempt to answer this question, this paper will present and discuss many of the theories of domestic abuse that have transpired as a result of years of research. Additionally, the emotional, psychological, and behavioral impact on the female victim and her children will be presented through the empirical evidence. Third, this paper will also present approaches to intervention strategies used with family members involved in violence. Finally, this paper
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