Aristotle
Aristotle’s teleological view holds that ‘whatever is the end-product of the coming into existence of any object, that is what we call its nature’ and the ultimate end-product is eudaimonia or a virtuous life. Man is both a social and political animal in that we are inclined to live in society as well as attempt to perceive what is just and unjust and, act accordingly as ‘men do in fact aim at what they think good.’ The base level activity that, perhaps best shows man to be a political animal is moral consideration; ‘humans alone have perception of good and evil, just and unjust’ . Being such a political animal, man succumbs to a natural urge and pairs off with a woman, similarly, a master pairs with a slave to better enable life and then, in succession, a household, a village and a state is formed; the end-product here is, supposedly a virtuous polis in a collective and individual sense. This process demonstrates the activities and institutions that exemplify man as a political animal and the ‘most sovereign among them all’ that ‘embraces all others’ is, in fact the state. The polis takes the individual further than self-sufficiency alone, it is man’s need to express what is just and moral within a
In Aristotle’s thinking, the activities that derive from man being a political animal such as debating the nature of justice are almost synonymous with the consequences, namely a virtuous life. However, the three deviated constitutions: tyranny, oligarchy and democracy seem to have ‘deviated’ particularly in the sense that man has not the potential to be a political animal. Aristotle states that for men interaction takes place because of common interest in the ‘good life… both communally and individually’ and believes that deviated regimes seriously constrains the polis’ chance for securing the good life. That man is by nature a political animal means in a minimum sense that relationships are necessary to human-kind as well as being desired. Man is not a self-sufficient being and, in line with Aristotle’s teleology needs to join a self-sufficient entity. Thus an association of master and slave is ‘established according to nature for the satisfaction of daily needs’ and an association of husband and wife to ‘propagate one’s kind’ and at this point daily needs have been satisfied. However, man is not whole, complete or perfect even when such needs are satisfied and so the village and finally, the state are formed. ‘The state came about as a means of securing life itself, it continues in being to secure the good life’ and it is in the role of securing the good life that the state enables man to be truly complete. The gift of speech enabling men to indicate ‘what is just and what is unjust’ coupled with the inclination towards dialogue of such a nature is, perhaps the basis of the state. Furthermore, humanity does not exist outside of the state, it is the state that provides the forum for discussion, that gives the opportunity for interaction with others and gives ‘humanity’ its humanity. That man is by nature a political animal now means something more; that man is the only political animal in that he alone can discern justice and can app
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Approximate Word count = 1343
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page double spaced)
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