a). One of the oldest and most significant schools of jurisprudence is the natural law tradition. Natural law tradition believes in an affirmative action and natural rights. It denotes a system of moral and ethical principles that are inherent in human nature and that can be discovered by humans through the use of their natural intelligence. In essence, the natural law tradition presupposes that the legitimacy of positive, or conventional, law derives from a higher law – natural law. Natural law has its source from God or human reasons. Its definition of law is “Law is any general command that is compatible with right reason and justice.” Natural law has a strong relationship between law and morality. However, natural law’s conceptual weakness is its ineffectiveness without broad consensus.

b). The second school of jurisprudence is analytical positivism. Analytical positivism believes that there can be no higher law than a nation’s

B). Res Judicata - is the Latin word for ‘judge matter’. It can be defined as a thing, matter or determination that is adjudged or final as a claim, issue, or cause of action that is settled by a judgment conclusive as to the rights, questions, and facts involved in the dispute. It also can be categorized as a judgment, decree, award, or other determination that is considered final and bars relitigation of the same matter.

D). Equity - comes from the word equal, which is fairness and justice. It is something that is equitable. It can also be defined as a system of law originating in the English chancery and comprising a settled and formal body of substantive and procedural rules and doctrines that supplement, aid, or override common and statutory law.

Any of the several writs originating at common law that are issued to bring a party before the court.

C). Justiciability – controversy. A controversy that is not hypothetical or academic but real and substantial; a requirement that must be satisfied before a court will hear a case.

d). The fourth school of jurisprudence is sociological. Sociological has its source from the social reality. Its relationship between law and morality is very little or none and it is very difficult to observe and measure with sociological practice. Sociological definition of law is “Law is any rule that resolves competing social interest, which is functional, opposed to dysfunctional. Basically, the sociological’ utilitarian approach is functional v. dysfunctional.

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