Forty Years of Affirmative Act
We all hear a lot these days about Affirmative Action, especially from political leaders, but what exactly does affirmative action mean? Webster’s dictionary defines affirmative action as “an active effort to improve the employment and educational opportunities of members of minority groups or women.” The first official use of the term was used in 1961 when President John F. Kennedy issued an executive order calling for affirmative action as a means to promote equal opportunity for racial minorities, in hiring by federal contractors. It became widely used with the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, when strong measures were taken by the federal government and private institutions to protect minorities and women from discrimination. Four years later, President Nixon beefed up the Office of Federal Compliance Programs, which along with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has become one of the government’s two main enforcers of affirmative action policy (Robinson 10). The Equal Opportunity Act of 1972, required that most federal contractors, subcontractors, and state and federal governmental institutions (including universities) initiate plans to increase the proport
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