Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) a Greek philosopher and scientist shared with Plato the distinction of being the most famous of the ancient philosophers. Nevertheless, Aristotle’s emphasis was quite different from Plato’s. He was versed in a broad range of subjects including science, anatomy and philosophy. He established the first empirical guidelines for the conduct of scientific investigations.

Aristotle is also credited with the use of logic as a method for conducting research. He devised the idea of dividing areas of study into separate categories with specific methods of study for each field, and wrote over 400 books on every branch of learning, including logic, ethics, politics, metaphysics, biology, physics, psychology, poetry, and rhetoric.

Among the texts are treaties on logic, called Organon or “instrument”, because they provide the means by which positive knowledge is to be attained. His treatment of the

Insensibility Temperance Intemperance

Aristotle also rejects the idea that the life of honor, the life of being publicly recognized and revered, is the happy life. Again, he points out that whether or not we are honored is not up to us. This view of happiness would put the attainment of our chief end in life into the hands of others. Furthermore, we do not seek honor purely for its own sake, we also seek it as a measure of our worth. But happiness is sought for its own sake.

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