Barnothy, Madeleine F. (1964). Wound healing and tissue regeneration. In Madeleine Barnothy (Ed.), The Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields, pp. 120-141. New York: Plenum Press. Borsa, Paul A., PhD, ATC/R & Ligget, Charles L., MS, ATC. (June, 1998). Flexible magnets are not effective in decreasing pain perception and recovery time after muscle microinjury. Journal of Athletic Training, Vol 33. Pp. 150-155. Council of Scientific Affairs report (CSA). (December 1994). Report 7 of the Council on Scientific Affairs: Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. [online] Available: www.ama-assn.org/med-sci/csa/1994/rpt6au94.htm (Nov. 8, 1999). Hackel, E.; Smith, A.E.; & Montgomery, D.J. (1964) Agglutination of human erythrocytes. In Madeleine Barnothy (Ed.), The Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields, pp.218-228. New York: Plenum Press. Larson, Leonard. (1971). In Encyclopedia of Sport Sciences and Medicine (pp. 861-862). New York: The MacMillan Company. Livingston, James D. (1998) Magnetic therapy: a plausible attraction? Skeptical Inquirer, v2 2, n4. pp. 25-27. Meyer, Martin (1997). Magnetics for Healthy Healing. [online]. Available: www.hre.com/totalhealth/magnh.html (Nov. 8, 1999). Robinson, Richard. (June, 1999). In Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (p. 1846). London: Gale Press. Ruibal, Sal. (1997, Aug. 20). Ironclad cures for pain? Athletes put their faith in power of magnets. USA Today, Final Edition, p. 3C. Vallbona, Carlos, MD; Hazelwood, Carlton F, PhD & Jurida, Gabo, MD. Response of Pain to Static Magnetic Fields in Postpolio Patients: A Double-blind Pilot Study. Arch Physiological Medicine Rehabilitation, 1997; vol. 78. pp. 1200-3.

ss: "The spirit of the master, the imagination is the instrument, the body is the plastic material. The moral atmosphere surrounding the patient can have a strong influence on the course of the disease. It is not a curse or a blessing that works, but the idea. The imagination produces the effect" (Livingston, p. 25). This role imagination plays, known as the placebo effect, is a true thorn in the side of magnetic therapy as a practice. And this is where the debate lies: between true physiological efficacy and the placebo effect. The question that should be posed to manufacturers, advertisers, and customers of magnetic products is whether or not magnetic therapy is truly effective. Magnetic therapy could indeed be a useful rehabilitation technique but is still only a theory due to a lack of experimental evidence (Borsa, p. 150; Livingston p. 26; Vallbona et al. p. 1204). This is often overlooked however. The use of testimonials in the marketing and advertising for these magnets makes it difficult for the common consumer to view this type of therapy objectively. One aspect that is understood, however, are the effect magnetic fields have on our bodies during everyday life. We are constantly being exposed to magnetic fields. Microwaves, power lines, radio waves, refrigerators: these all give off magnetic charges (CSA, 1994; Barnothy p. 123). The earth is surrounded by a magnetic field, which is the reason for the North and South poles (Leonard, 861). Our bodies too have magnetic fields. According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, magnetic fields from the external environment enter the body easily because it is approximately 70% water. After penetrating into the tissues, a change in the alignment of the body's

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