Both civilizations (except for the Hebrews) had a polytheistic belief system that associated their gods and goddesses with that of nature and its forces. However, like Mesopotamia’s unstable climate, its gods were fierce and capricious, unlike Egypt’s, who played protective roles for the Egyptians.

Unlike the Egyptians, who relied upon the Nile’s predictable overflow, the two rivers surrounding Mesopotamia overflowed without warning, often destroying whole villages and cities. In contrast to Egypt’s natural perimeter of sea and desert that eluded invasion, Mesopotamia’s exposed plains gave way to repeated attacks. While Egypt enjoyed a mostly hot, arid climate suitable for agriculture, Mesopotamia suffered from the fierce weather changes, including drought, violent rainstorm

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