The development of our civilization and economy bring a better material life to us. On the other hand, it also takes something from us. Since the invention of light bulb and electricity, our society began to march into the darkness of nights and turn it to an even more colorful period than daytime. Nowadays, our society has evolved to a stage that it needs to operate 24 hour a day. A lot of jobs or operations, like transportation, health care, manufacturing, safety, and the military, will require people to work at late night to maintain a 24-hour operation. Furthermore, the requirement for 24-hour operations will grow as the United States competes in the 24-hour global economy. However, human body is designed to have a “shutdown” period everyday and sleep has been historically viewed as a time when humans are shut off. Therefore, functioning on a 24-hour basis will definitely poses physiological challenges to humans that can affect working performance and safety. It is important for us to acknowledge this problem and provide solutions to avoid accidents that can result in a disaster. Before we look into the effect of napp

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