First of all were the Whig and the Tory, political group having opinions about Charles II’s brother, James, Duke of York, right to succession. The problem consisted in James being a Roman-Catholic subject.

The Popish Plot became an attempt to use Parliment to exclude James from the succession and to weaken Charles’ government; its leading advocate, Anthony Earl of Shaftesbury, created what has been seen as the first English political party, the “Whigs”, an abusive term referring to Scottish Presbyterian rebels, though the party should be seen as a faction held together by informal ties, ambition and ideology, not by party discipline and central control. The Whigs produced a mass of propaganda like an unlicensed newspaper, “ The

Weekly Pacquet of Advice from Rome”. The name Whig soon lost its derogatory sense and was supressed by the term “Liberal” in the mid-19th century.

Traditional coservatorism believes that many of the problems are due to Human Nature, attempts to change Human Nature are likely to make things worse rather than better; they also rely on the Rule of Law – necessary to prevent anarchy, they desire Harmony and Balance in society, resisting extremist tendencies. Liberty is a supreme goal for Conservators, being described by Lord Acton as “the highest political end”. Government should have limited but strong enough powers and shoul also be balanced.

Although they are respecting the equality of men before law anf in career opportunities, Conservators are opposed to equal rewards because “People are born with unequal talents” and because “they are motivated by personal gain”.

Starting at the end of the 18th century a ne

Some topics in this essay:
Labour Party, John Locke’s, Lord Acton, Advice Rome”, Scottish Presbyterian, James II, Patru George-Alin, Popish Plot, Harmony Balance, Earl Shaftesbury, human nature,