Through out the history of man, human disease has been considered a leading cause of death. Since antiquity, physicians explored assorted remedies in order to cure various maladies. Ancient physicians made enormous contributions to modern medicine. Even though, immaculate progress has been made in modern medicine, there are numerous cases of fatal diseases, for which modern medicine has no cure. Granted today’s technological advancements, general practitioners are still using several of the ancient techniques and ideas in order to make progress in today’s research and development. Scientists observe historical data and ideas in order to help generate new

b)March 2000-The group that created Dolly the sheep announces the first cloned pigs. Scientists hope that pigs could be genetically engineered for use in human organ transplants.

In order to have a better understanding of cloning it is important to understand that cloning has three different divisions: embryo cloning, adult DNA cloning, and therapeutic cloning. First, there is embryo cloning which is a medical technique that produces “monozygotic” (identical) twins or triplets. Nature itself is the greatest cloning agent. Embryo cloning might be more accurately called "artificial twinning" because it imitates the mechanism by which twins naturally develop. It involves removing one or more cells from an embryo and encouraging the cell to develop into a separate embryo with the same DNA as the original. It has been successfully carried out for years on many species of animals. Very limited experimentation has been done on human embryos. Each naturally cloned twin has a genetic structure identical to the other (in identical twins). In cloning, this same operation is done intentionally in a laboratory. Through cloning and knowledge of genetics, scientists can create transgenic animals (mostly pigs, whose natural genes are close to human genes) with human genes. Their organs might be usable to humans with little resistance from the immune system. Once produced, trance genetic animals can be cloned as much as needed to produce body organs. Recently scientist used embryo cloning to harvest spider silk out of a ship. They inserted the silk gene of a spider into an embryo of a sheep, in order to produce silk-protein containing milk. After separation from the milk, the silk protein can be used to manufacture bullet proof jackets for the police, army and other analogous products. Some scientists believe that human embryo cloning might eventually lead to very positive results: It might produce greater understanding of the causes of miscarriages; this might lead to a treatment to prevent spontaneous abortions. A woman might prefer to have one set of identical twins, rather than go through two separate pregnancies to minimize disruption to her career, or she might prefer to only have to endure the discomfort of a single pregnancy.

That would save countless numbers of lives, and increase the quality of life of countless others. Three possible examples of therapeutic cloning might include the use of insulin-secreting cells for diabetes; nerve cells in stroke or Parkinson’s disease; or liver cells to repair a damaged organ. This procedure would have a number of advantages, when compared to regular organ transplant donated by a second person. There would be presumably no danger of rejection of the transplant because the organ's DNA would match the patient's DNA exactly. Another individual would not have to experience pain, inconvenience, and potentially shortened life span in order to donate the organ. The patient would not have to wait until an unrelated donor dies to obtain a transplant, or die on the line before getting the transplant. A new organ could be grown for them as needed.

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